Major causes of unemployment Essay

Outline the study ca consumptions of unemployment and brotherly consequences of unemployment for the Australian providence.There ar a modus operandi of causes of unemployment, which ultimately result in both positive and negative consequences for Australias economy. These causes atomic number 18 outlined as fol minuscules.Economic return is possibly the or so influential factor create unemployment. The hold for ram is a derived demand, meaning that it is set by the level of demand for goods and services in an economy. This means that if an economy is experiencing low levels of scotch ingathering, aggregated demand pass on fall, indeed diminish the demand for advertize, which will result in an ontogeny in unemployment.resulted in a steady decline in unemployment (stimulus). Australias unemployment rate is onlinely at 5.1%, its lowest since the 1970s (stimulus).Unemployment whitethorn in any case be caused by technological lurch This can view a negative effect on unemployment as a company may step in labour with chapiter in order to become more in bear on(p). Jobs are lost as technology is now used instead, or concourse dont have the skills essential for the reinvigorated production methods so change magnitude unemployment. However, the labour durability may undergo further education and training to acquire the new skills needed, thus reducing unemployment.Labour productivity is a significant factor touch on the level of unemployment. Low level of productivity tends to encourage employers to use capital of the United States in reference to labour in production therefor increasing unemployment.The cost of labour alike impacts upon the unemployment rate. If the cost of labour is get, employers will replace labour with capital therefor increasing unemployment, but if it is relatively low, employers will rather choose to employ more hold outers, thus increasing unemployment. angiotensin converting enzyme of the reasons for a rapid step-up in labour costs may be the inflexibility of the labour market collectible to regulations for e.g. 2006 IR laws resulting in high minimum wages than would occur if wages were set by the interaction between the demand and supply of labour.In supplement, the lick of geomorphological change in the economy often involves significant short term costs, unemployment. Job losses are greater in slight efficient industries and in areas undergoing major reforms, much(prenominal) as public utilities that are universe privatised. For e.g. large tariff cuts have contributed to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector. Structural change excessively includes reductions in protection. If local producers can no enormouser debate internationally there will be a rise in unemployment, however this will be beneficial to the labour market in the long term as efficient industries emerge.The unemployment rate may also occur as a result of disposal macro scotch policy. The e stablishments macroeconomic policy can influence the level of unemployment in the short to intermediate term, through their influence in the business cycle. With the implementation of contractionary macroeconomic policy, with compute deficits and tighter monetary policy this results in higher(prenominal) worry place and little government spending leads to a slowdown in economic maturement and investment causing unemployment to increase.Another reason for declining unemployment is changing betrothal grade and school retention rates. During an economic upswing the objet darticipation rate (labour force / workings age population x 100) is known to rise as reject job seekers go into the labour force and begin to actively shade for work again. This means economic growth needs to be high enough to absorb both the unemployed and those returning to the labour force for unemployment to decline.As more students are completing high school and entranceway tertiary education, young people are entering the work force later. This means that the size of the labour force is reduced, which meliorates the rate of unemployment. Furthermore, once students acculturation their studies and enter the labour force they have greater knowledge and skills, improve theiremployment prospects.A consistently high level of unemployment has negative social effects on society, individuals and the economy.Unemployment within an economy has dire consequences on society. change magnitude inequality is the most severe cost within society. Unemployment tends to affect cut back income earners such as the young, unskilled, indigenous Australians, regional Australia and those migrants who were born overseas. Because unemployment means a loss of income for these social class they become relatively worse onward compared to higher income earners as they struggle to cater for their day to day needs, therefore contributing to poverty and overall inequality in income distribution.Unemployme nt is associated with many of the most serious and personal social problems in Australia. Among families and individuals, especially those who suffer from long unemployment, there is an increased incidence of social problems including homelessness/housing problemssever financial hardshipfamily tensionserosion of assertion and self esteemincreased levels of debtloss of work skills making it all the more difficult to re-enter the workforceincreased social isolationpoor health, psychological disorders and suicideThese social problems have an economic cost for the residential district as a whole, since more resources must be directed towards relations with them. Money to be spent on resurrecting peoples lives takes away funds from hearty community wants.All in all, unemployment is one economic issue which has to be looked at very closely, as the consequences listed above are just some(prenominal) of the realities brought about by unemployment.Discuss Australias recent unemployment performance.Even though Australia has low unemployment rate in comparison to other OECD countries, unemployment has been a significant economic policy challenge in Australia for the last(prenominal) three decades.Australia began experiencing low unemployment rates during the 1960s and early 1970s, however an increase in unemployment figures gradually occurred during the middle 1970s. For the last 25 old age to 2006 Australias unemployment rate has averaged 8%. However the current unemployment rate fell to its lowest in 30 years, to approximately 4.7% in 2006-2007, proving it has entered a new era of sustained unemployment due to sustained economic growth.During the 1990s the unemployment rate peaked at 10.7%, the highest level since the great fall onward due to the severe recession in Australia and the global economy. Falling AD resulted in the closure of many firms and cutbacks in production, which led to cutbacks in labour therefore increasing unemployment. Australias slow c ome out on unemployment during this period was also due to the strength of labour productivity growth which meant businesses were equal to(p) to increase their output without hiring new staff.Through the extensive structural change and little economic reform unemployment during this period worsened. As new technologies emerged and production techniques changed people who lost their job found it more difficult to obtain new jobs in emerging industries.Since the 1990s recession, Australias unemployment levels have been falling gradually due to its consistent economic growth levels over the past 15 years bringing unemployment to its minimum level of approximately 4.8%.Australia needs economic growth rates of at least 3.75% in order to make progress in reducing unemployment. This only occurs as unemployment can only be reduced if AD (economic growth) exceeds the total of productivity growth plus growth in the labour force. This relationship is chiefly referred to as Okuns Law.Since t he beginning of this decade, productivity growth has been much slower, which has meant the unemployment rate has continued to fall even though economic growth has only averaged around 3%. Over the last 5 years, Australias unemployment rate has remained at a lower place the OECD average but many countries fluid have lower unemployment levels including Ireland New Zealandand Japan.Assess the policy options available to the government to achieve a sustained reduction in the level of unemploymentThe labour markets ability to sustain low unemployment is a result of improved macroeconomic insurance frameworks and extensive Microeconomic Reform over a long period of time.Macroeconomic Policy allows the government to alter aggregate demand in the economy through the use of Monetary and monetary Policy. As 8 out of the last 9 budgets have achieved a Fiscal Balance, our 2004-05 Budget has a relatively teensy-weensy surplus with payments being sent, totalling to 1% of GDP, at the end of th e financial year and the cash rate has been below 5.5% for 39 months the Howard government have held Macroeconomic Policy in expansionary account for a substantial period of time. This has resulted in 13 years of strong sustainable economic growth and, thus, elimination of cyclical unemployment.Monetary Policy assists by smoothing out the business cycle and reducing fluctuations in aggregate demand. The RBA has chosen to maintain low interest rates because of the effects higher interest rates would have on unemployment, among other factors. Over the past three years Australia experienced a Real Estate boom. This has resulted in a major growth in debt and construction in Australia. An increase in interest rates for many of the heavily indebted would dramatically reduce their disposable incomes, hence reducing aggregate demand and causing unemployment. Also within the last 12 months 9 out of every(prenominal) 10 jobs created was in construction, meaning massive job loss should inter est rates rise. Furthermore this will affect many other industries such as retail and whitegoods, which have benefited from this increased demand.Fiscal Policy enables the government to inject revenue into regions or specific groups within the economy. The Budget 2004-05 aims to phone demands by increasing participation and productivity through a add up of initiatives. One of the major incentives that will impact upon unemployment is the reduction of the Welfare Trap. This addresses mainly low andmiddle-income families that remain unemployed, as they are financially better off just receiving welfare. The package will increase the incentives to take on spare work, seek advancement, acquire skills and ultimately increase the labour force participation rate.Microeconomic Policies are policies aimed at individual industries that are seeking to improve efficiency and productivity of the producers. These have allowed governments to deregulate the Labour Market as antecedently the over- regulated and inflexible labour market and wage determination process was viewed as damaging to the Labour Market.The introduction of the WORKPLACE relations represent 1996 aims to decentralise the Workplace Relations System by discouraging the use of third parties, such as the AIRC. Instead the Australian Government are encourging encouraging employers and employees to reach outcomes based on the circumstances of their particular try or organisation.Formal collective agreements can be made at one time between employers and employees, known as Australian Workplace Agreements. Although these agreements must experience a global no-disadvantage test, to ensure the agreement isnt unlawful or less favourable, the agreement is largely between the employer and employee. Workplace agreements have contributed to improved productivity, higher real wages and greater access to family-friendly provisions.Previously rigid trophy regulations have been simplified. A safety net is ensured, prov iding minimum standards to protect employees (especially the low-paid). The echt terms and conditions are, however, determined by an agreement at the workplace. The WORKPLACE RELATIONS ACT also makes compulsory union membership illegal, allowing employees greater fredom of choice. This has also contributed to the declining power of the unions.The WORKPLACE RELATIONS ACT now protects businesses from unlawful industrial action. This has lead to reducing strikes to the lowest levels in Australias history. Unfair dismissal laws have been replaced with a new fair go allround law, as it was found this law had contributed to the loss of at least 77,000 jobs in small businesses.Through the introduction of the Job Network inefficiencies of job training and berth were reduced. With more efficient Labour market Services the unemployed were able find desired positions faster, hence reducing Frictional unemployment.The Work-for-the-Dole Scheme is part of the Howard Governments mutual obligatio n principle. This requires 18 to 24 year olds that have been on benefits for more than six months to participate in and activity in addition to job search. This has assisted over 200,000 unemployed to rebuild self-confidence, and develop work ethic and skills Although this does encourage regeneration of work habits the Work-for-the-Dole Scheme conveys very fewer technical or vocational skills. The New Apprenticeship Scheme has also benefited by organising apprenticeships for 70% of school leavers that dont go to university.The Government also provides businesss that employ those previously unemployed with wage and training subsidies to provide incentive for employers taking a risk on the unemployed.Bibliography-Australian Department of Foreign Affairs & Trade (http//www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia/index.html Australian Facts).http//www.oecd.org/country/0,3021,en_33873108_33873229_1_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp//www.oecd.org/document/28/0,2340,en_2649_34569_37147228_1_1_1_1,00.htmlBooks- TIm Dixon Australian Economics 2007