Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Applying Bradshaws model of river characteristics to the Barranco Del Essay

Applying Bradshaws model of river characteristics to the Barranco Del Rio, Tenerife. With the focal point on the impact of landslides - Essay Examplein the introductory parts of the stem for the better rationality of what will be discussed and linked with the hypothesis as soundly as the Bradshadow model (Arthur, 2007, paginate 391).The methodology used in the study has included the designs, the various equipments used in testing and experimenting as well as measuring, and the instruments. This study is in that locationfore aimed at determining the drinks possible effects. It is also important to highlight that this paper has specified coherently the procedures and the results of the study. The study has been summarized with a clear conclusion. It is therefore important to highlight that the report is therefore quite detailed with the facts that were collected and the truths about Tenerife (Christine, 2001, page 281).It is important to highlight that this paper delves in the preaching of the Application of Bradshaws model of river characteristics to the Barranko Del Rio, Tenerife. The paper as well focuses on the impact of landslides. In the paper, there will be various diagrams that illustrate the various stages at the distinctive stages of the river. This is a report of a fieldtrip undertaken to Tenerife where variables of Bradshaws Model of River Characteristics were tested on a Barranko (river valley), focusing on the hypotheses that are listed below (Donald, 2008, page 518).Tenerife Island has a land of 2034.38Km2, the most densely populate is and in Spain. This as well makes it to be the largest island of the stoolie Islands archipelago. It is important to highlight that it is one of the Canary Islands. It is connected using two airports that well developed for the sweetener of the accessibility of the island. These are the Tenerife north airport and the Tenerife south airport. The island was formed due to volcanic eruption and most visited by above 10 million tourists every year because of the scenic beauty in the island. The soils I this area are therefore the permeable volcanic type of soils that

Monday, April 29, 2019

Critically consider Judith Butlers work on performativity Essay

Critically consider Judith Butlers work on performativity - Essay pr make upice sessionButlers several statements show the social and cultural pressures that lead to performativity in gender, there is a lack of interpretation with subjectivity, individual identity and outdoors gender theories. Her several works show the levels that relate to the performance as gender however, there are also several debates over the identification of individuals that may be outside of the performativity that Butler suggests.The first set of concepts that are approached with Butlers theories of performativity is to define what this means and which actions it constitutes when one is playing the idea of gender. The basis of this theory is to show that gender is not one that is recognized as an midland and natural means, but is instead a performance that one carries out. This requires specific attributes for one to become a gender and to perform the identity of gender. Butler notes that this is not s omething that is self constituted and requires external means to baffle the idea of gender identity. It is also noted that performativity and gender is not a performance that is only interpreted into consideration at certain points. Butler points out that this would limit the identity of gender as it is seen by others. Instead, this concept is one that is practiced by an individual repeating specific acts and continuing to accept them as a part of their identity. This turns into the identity and condition of the subject as it is practiced and continuously repeated.This iterability implies that performance is not a singular act or event, but a ritualized production, a ritual reiterated under and done constraint, under and through force of prohibition and taboo, with the threat of ostracism and even death controlling and have the shape of the production (Butler, 95, 1993).The idea of performativity for gender identity is then one that begins with a basic act that continues to be r epeated. As this occurs, it becomes a taboo in society until it

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Homo heidelbergensis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

military personnel heidelbergensis - Research Paper ExampleAnother company headed to eastwards side by dint ofout Asia and evolved to Denisovans. mankind heidelbergensis were discovered in 1907 near Herdelberg, Germany. Between 300000 and 400000 historic period ago, a group of Homo heidelbergensis left Africa, one group went into Europe and west Asia and another group went eastwards through Asia which later evolved into Homo Sapiens about 130,000 years ago.The Schoningen spears were discovered between 1994 and 1998 in Schoningen, Germany under the heed of Dr. Hartmut Thieme. About 16000 animal bones were also found at that time approximated to be about 300000 years erstwhile(a). These were the oldest complete hunting weapons preserved in the world and provided proof that Homo heidelbergensis was hunting. In 1992, a team from Spain located about 5500 human bones in Sima de los Huesos site, northern Spain that were dated to be at least 350000 years of age. The pit that was excavat ed had 32 individuals.In 1994, a british scientist discovered a lower hominin shin bone bone a few distance from the English channel together with many primordial break axes at Boxgrove Quarry site. The discovered leg dated between 478000 to 524000 years old. A number of Homo heidelbergensis teeth were also discovered in subsequent researches.In 2005, there was a discovery of rocklike tools from water vole in Suffolk, England. Mimomys Savini which was a key dating species were discovered at Pakefields, Suffolk in the cliff. This is an denotation that Hominins can be dated to 700000 years ago in England.Homo heidelbergensis is approximately 300000 to 400000 years old as evidenced in the above descriptions. About 30 human skeletons found in Atapuerca, Spain suggested that Homo heidelbergensis were the first species to bury their dead.The Homo heidelbergensis was discovered by first discovered by Daniel Hartman in 1907 in Mauer,

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Sales Pitch Wk 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sales Pitch Wk 7 - Es formulate ExampleRaise the proposition continuously? The proposal could be raised continuously through two approaches by monitoring the performance of proposed assortments and reporting the effect to management and by elevating the matter to senior management through performance reports to propose wider target markets (additional schools and universities), as deemed necessary.Package the issue incrementally? Packaging the proposed in the buff product incrementally could mean recommending increasing either the intensity level, product sizes, or product variants to the target market depending on performance and demand.Tie it to profitability? Bundling techniques mean linking the proposed change to other ideas or issues. In this case, a proposal to market new products to schools, for instance could be fasten to profitability by proving to management that the pro-forma financial statements would indicate profits of so much if the projected volume would be sold in a particular time period.Tie it to market share or organizational image? Tying the proposed launching of a new product to market share or organizational image simply means that by targeting children, the market share of the organization would increase by, say 10 to 20% within the defined time frame. The effect would boost organizational image as patronizing a new product through children in school have potentials for brand remembering and repurchase.Tie it to concerns of key stakeholders? Key stakeholders include shareholders (who would benefit from increased profits and returns), employees (would be motivated with unassailable financial performance), consumers (needs would be satisfied), community (a healthy product would benefit the community in terms of emphasize proper nutrition that would be derived from the new product which is needed for child development).Tie it to other issues? The new product could be tied to corporate responsibility and environmental protection. Th e proposed product must use environmentally promoted packaging

Friday, April 26, 2019

Arthur Miller Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arthur milling machine - Research Paper ExampleAs a student in the University of Michigan, Miller pursued journalism as his major but soon lurchd it to English. This change opened the doors for him as a dramatist. During his time in college, his greatest influence was from his professor and lifelong paladin Professor Kenneth Rowe (Wald, 2007). Millers starting recognition came from the first play he ever wrote cognise as No Villain while still studying journalism as his major. This play attach a turning point in Millers academics. For this play, Miller received the Avery Hope give putting him on the map of playwrights. He continued to write even after graduating from college pursuing a profession in scripting. In 1946, he wrote All My Sons and this play sealed his status as a scriptwriter and won him the best author Tony Award for its success on Broadway. His other influential works that plurality appreciate to this day are Death of a Salesman and the Crucible. Crucible got hi m into trouble with the (HUAC) House Un-American Activities commissioning. To this day, his playwright known as Death of a Salesman, can be considered among his best pieces (Fisher, 2009). The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) got filled in the Millers works after the release of the Crucible. Here, Miller had likened them to the Salem witch hunters of 1692. Miller got the bringing close together of the Crucible from his friend Kazan who had betrayed him by naming names in front of the HUAC. Miller then travelled to Massachusetts to a town called Salem to research on the 1692 Witch trials. Millers friend, Kazan, testified and named him as part of the octonary people in his list of people in the Communist party. This in turn, increased the HUACs interest in him. Despite him overcoming HUACs accusations, the HUACs actions significantly affected Millers life (Wald, 2007). Millers ain life was also in the limelight after his marriage to his second wife Marilyn Monroe. Mo nroe was an actress and her life had been the target of intense scrutiny by the public. He married Marlin in June of 1956 after he ended his first marriage to Mary Slattery. Miller and Slattery had two children. Miller had met Monroe in 1951 and had an affair with her. After this affair, they kept in touch. His marriage to Monroe coincided with his tribulations with the HUAC, of which Monroe accompanied him. However, these trials put Monroes career at risk because of the accusations do against Miller at the time. The HUAC had run aground Miller guilty when he refused to name other people who supported Communist activities. This led to Millers US passport to be revoked. The judges decision became overturned by the call forth courts on grounds of misleading the witness. This can be based on the fact that Miller had made a deal with the judge to appear before the court which had subpoenaed him earlier to testify without naming any(prenominal) other person (Fisher, 2009). He buried himself in his work. The Misfits was the film he wrote of which Marilyn his wife was starring. Before its unveiling in 1961, the couple divorced. Miller remarked that, during scripting of the movie, he underwent one of the most undesirable instances of his life. The decease of Monroe also envision some light back on Miller because she died just nineteen months after she and Miller had divorced. Monroe died from a drug overdose. Miller moved on to his next wife who he remained married to till her until his death in 2002. Inge Morath was a photographer by profession. Miller and Morath had two

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Narcissistic personality disorder Research Paper

Narcissistic record disorder - Research Paper subjectDiagnosis There argon no laboratory tests or medical examinations that laughingstock be undergone to discover if someone has vain personality disorder. As such, swollen-headed personality disorder is often diagnosed through the direction of observing an individual displaying signs or symptoms, or else a psychological evaluation involving questionnaires and responding to certain scenarios during which signs of narcissism can be observed. Since many signs and symptoms of narcissistic personality disorder can be found in different personality disorders, it is not un crude that someone is diagnosed with multiple disorders, or even misdiagnosed if there is not abounding evidence to prove a specific disorder. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health, the American Psychiatric Association has provided a list of criteria that must be met for a person to be decent diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. ... praised based on looks or talents by adults severe emotional abuse as a child an imbalance of supernumeraryive praise and excessive criticism and overindulgence by the parents (Groopman and Cooper, 2006). When these behaviors are continued throughout the childhood of the individual and a failure on the behalf of the child causes a check in the praise and admiration, narcissistic personality disorder can be exposed as they bring about an adult. Narcissistic personality disorder is a very rare personality disorder and is more common in adult males. As aforementioned, the cause of narcissistic personality disorder is unknown, but researchers have shut up compiled some insecurity factors that might play a role in an individual developing narcissistic personality disorder as they become older. A massive lack of praise during childhood or neglect or abuse during a young age are among the more common risk factors. As can be seen in the causes and risk factors, narcissistic personalit y disorder usually begins part the individual is a child, but does not make itself known until they reach adulthood. Symptoms The greatest symptom of narcissistic personality disorder is overdramatic and overemotional behavior. People with this disorder require attention and admiration and have clog accepting personal criticism (Sue et al, 2010). Some of the other more common symptoms connected with narcissistic personality disorder involve the individual believing that they are better than anyone else, thus acting accordingly and expecting an excess of admiration and praise from others. Suffers of narcissistic personality disorder over-exaggerate their accomplishments and their talents in an attempt to receive praise from others, though feeling jealous if they observe someone else being more

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Explore the long and short term social and economic consequences of Essay

Explore the long and poor term social and economic consequences of the dissolution of the monasteries under King Henry VIII (8th) - Essay congressmanHenry, working through his chief minister Thomas Cromwell, decided to cut Englands ties with the papacy in capital of Italy and introduce the Reformation into the kingdom. Historians have argued that the dissolution of Englands monasteries was a social and economic revolution.It was the biggest change in the self-command of land in the kingdom since the Norman Conquest. In the 16th century, England needed more than land because of a rise in the kingdoms population and improvework forcets in agriculture, allowing previously uncultivated lands to be opened up. The Dissolution alike allowed people knocked out(p)side the Church to take advantage of the monasteries property, and nobles and the gentry bought much of it. A large break down of Englands wealth was thus taken out of the hands of the Church this allowed the gentry to take a more important part in the kingdoms affairs because they could afford to attend university and sit as Members of Parliament.Many of the level monasteries and friaries were sold for nominal amounts (often to the local aristocrats and merchants), and some of the lands the King gave to his supporters there were also pensions to be paid to some of the dispossessed clerics. Many others continued to serve the parishes. Although the total value of the confiscated property has been calculated to be 200,000 at the time, the actual amount of income King Henry received from it from 1536 through 1547 averaged only 37,000 per year, about one fifth of what the monks had derived from it. Money from the monasteries helped to ensure that Henry would have no difficulty financing the Crown.Consequences of the Act for the Suppression of the littleer MonasteriesPrior to 1536, Henry had ordered that Thomas Cromwell, his Vicar-General, carry out an audit of the monasteries, which he did with four men in just six months, resulting in some wrong decisions. Cromwell reported Manifest sin, vicious, carnal and abominable active is daily used and committed amongst the little and small abbeys. The reports of Cromwell often differed with the reports of the relevant Bishops and he tended to brand all houses as corrupt.It was in this spirit of unsnarl that the Act for the Suppression of the Lesser Monasteries, 1536 was passed. The Act clearly pointed out the worthiness of great and honorable monasteries right well kept, contrasting these with the smaller houses that were sunk irredeemably in iniquity and had resisted all attempts at reform for 200 years or more, and it was these that should be closed down. The Act also stated that The idle and lush monks and nuns who live in these little dens of vice should be dispersed amongst the greater abbeys where they will, by discipline and example, be brought to mend their ways. The properties and endowments thus vacated can then be transferre d to the King, to put to such better uses as he may think fit. Henry used the money to finance the building of forts around the English coast, just now a better use.According to the Act, all the land and property of a religious house that had an income of less than 200 a year was transferred to the Crown. The Act allowed for the abbots, priors, abbesses and prioresses to be compensated with generous pensions and other monks and nuns could be transferred to other house or return to the secular way of life. The new owners of the lands were encouraged

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

Midterm exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Midterm exam - Essay modelwere primarily formed to support the rebuilding processes of the nations and give up a universe of discourse forum that can provide mediation. The central banks play critical role and national political and economic agenda main rotated around low interest rates, regulation of industries, labor unions to strengthen the business environment with the countries.Neo-liberalism, on the separate hand, can broadly be defined in terms of emerging new economic paradigms in the changing socio-political scenario across the world that favors opening of domestic market for global business powers. But 1975 onwards, the world economy has increasingly bring about more market driven and trade across geographical regions has become more attractive to developed and developing countries.In the new-liberalism era, the economic conditions had drastically changed through de-regulation of industries, privatization and curb on union power. America came into the forefront of glo bal political and economic front. With Ronal Reagan, as President of America in 1980, the demise of old economic order became a certainty. The role of central bank was significantly curbed and privatization became the major(ip) propellant of new economic order. The strong economy and advanced stature of United States, subsequently, made authorized the success of US Dollars as Global Currency. This system greatly facilitated international trade and investment plainly restricted the capital movement so as to maintain certain extent of control by few dominant countries (Harvey, 2005).The advent of neo-liberalism primarily relied on economic liberalization. It promoted more capitalistic approach that upgrade the rich and made the poor nations as the scapegoat for getting exploited by the developed countries and multi-nationals. The monopoly of American influence in all the leading international financial institutes like World Bank and IMF, lay down followed the American

Monday, April 22, 2019

Whole Milk and Meat is no Good for Children Research Paper

integral Milk and Meat is no Good for Children - Research Paper ExampleThe paper throws light on the growing concern of antibiotic resistance as a result of excessive utilization of antibiotics in cattle. The harmful effects of Recombinant bovine Growth Hormone coupled with information on what should be do be tackle the prevalent situation has also been incorporated within the body of the paper. Lastly, the text provides a discussion on the use of artificial internal secretions and their contribution in the development of various health concerns. draw words Recombinant bovine growth internal secretions, antibiotics, inorganic draw, cancer, early onset puberty, FDA Whole Milk and Meat not Good for Children Introduction Milk has always been attributed as a powerhouse of many nutritional ingredients that atomic number 18 essential for bone growth and other body developments. Human beings are mammals and therefore have a unique relationship with milk as it is the first source of nourishment for them after birth. Mainly callable to this reason, it is always assumed that milk has only beneficial impact on health. However, this assumption is far from being true. In fact in the demonstrate scenario when dairy milk and their products have become a worldwide business many harmful components can be identified not only in the milk but also in the cattle meat. some of these components are genetically engineered hormones that are injected to convey plus milk production. Some of these hormones are also responsible for the rapid growth of cow that are raised to be slaughtered for beef. Therefore, these measures are taken to increase productivity that ultimately increases the profit. But it has raised considerable interview marks regarding consumers health. Recombinant bovine Growth Hormone (rbGH) The commercial sale of milk from rbGH treated cows was approved in 1993 by FDA. Recombinant bovine Growth Hormone (rbGH) is a genetically engineered artificial hormon e that was aimed to stimulate milk production in cows. It is legally sold in all 50 states of US under the famous brand name of Posilac, manufactured by Monsanto. It is estimated that about 13000 farmers use this hormone to obtain excess profit from milk industry. But there are major health concerns associated with this particular milk. Although, this hormone does not directly contaminate the milk, it is associated with increase production of Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1) in cows. From the studies it is unornamented that high concentration of this IGF-1 is present in the milk produced by these rbGH treated cows. IGF-1 is a potent carcinogen with anti apoptotic properties. Studies have shown that IGF-1 contributes in the development of many cancers such as breast, prostate, colon and bladder cancer. (Malawa 2002). FDA Approval condescension this possible association of milk, derived from rbGH induced cows, with many cancers the approval from FDA is very shady. Many reasons hav e been given by the drug authorities to justify their approval. They pounder over the fact that the hormone is directly not present in the milk. Secondly, according to the FDA Insulin like Growth Factors (IGF-1) is not absorbed orally. This has been concluded on the basis of the investigate carried by the same pharmaceutical companies, Monsanto and Elanco, who are leading manufacturers of this hormone in the commercial market. The research was conducted on rat models for a very short period of 2-4 weeks. Moreover, they did not access the contribution of IGF-1 in the milk and cancer development. A more in depth research is required in this regard as it is a very serious issue that needs proper investigation. (Malawa 2002). Mastitis in rbGH Treated Cows Most of the animals used for the production of

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 5 Case Assignment Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Mod 5 Case Assignment - Essay ExampleThis paper will discuss these two articles in much(prenominal) a way as to begin to understand the management style needed today.It would be raise to none that there has always been management controversy. There are those that believe that management is a post o processes that can keep a complicated system of people and technology running smoothly (Kotter, 1998, pg 26). There are also those that believe as Kennedy (1998) that old style management is out. Younger workers do not want to be managed. According to Kennedy, workers want to be taught to manage their positions themselves and they judge their managers by the capability to do this. Kotter, on the other hand would say that workers are looking for management based on the different among them. For example, how you need to be managed is different than how your friend needs to be managed.Looking seriously at the Kennedy article and the Sun ar ticle, it is noted that there are both(prenominal) differences as well as some disagreements. Sun (2009) is suggesting ten ways to manage to stay out of trouble when it comes to the politics in the single-valued function and Kennedy (1998) is suggesting that the new generation of employees really does not care about what others think, that the next job is just worst the road and if they get a bad recommendation, they will deal with it. Kennedy also believes that direct reports are the audition and that should be remembered and at the same time Sun indicates that it important that direct reports do not hear that you might get involved in office politics. It also appears in Kennedys article that the newer generation of healthcare workers has a tendency to use the grapevine for passing information or gaining information and Sun (2009) warns not to get involved in the gossip sessions that occur in the office, especially not those that may be putting down the organization or the bo ss. It is quite interesting as we look at this subject area that the Kennedy article and

Sunday, April 21, 2019

UK Budget Hotels Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

UK calculate Hotels - Case Study ExampleThe industry will account for over a quarter of the derive hotel industry market sh atomic number 18 come the year 2027, this is according to different research done. According to Melvin bullion a consultant in the industry and whom it is reported that has done the most comprehensive research in the industry, he states that the industry presently enjoys a market share of 12% and it is predicted that it will reach a market share of 26% in the coterminous 20 years. This is attributed to the fact that consumers are increasingly demanding for utter cost hotels. (Hotel benchmark, 2002)Despite a lower demand in the hotel area, in the UK and Europe as hearty, compute hotels and mid -market hotels have continued to grow at an average of 12%. The improvement of the budget hotel sector is witnessed in the UK market where the rate of occupancy has moved up. The sector is the only one posting alter occupancy in the hotel industry in the UK. The bu dget hotel sector has continued to grow despite the promoter that the hotel industry has been declining. (Hotel benchmark, 2002)Premier inn budget hotels are the biggest UK band hotel, with a total of more than 32,500 live and a chain of over 490 hotels. Initial the chain was operated under the travel in name. The hotel chain is have by Whitbread Company and it was opened to over competition to the give outodge. The very first group of the hotel were built next to Beefeater in 1987-1988. Ever since 1987, the premier hotels have developed to become the biggest chain of hotels in the whole of UK. In the year 2004 Whitbread re-branded the travel inn company to be known as premier Travel indian lodge after acquiring the rival group Premier Lodge that was owned by inwardness group at a total sum of 505 US Dollars. The name has been re-branded again to Premier Inn in this year (2007) Company logo source (Premier Inn, 2007)Premier inn summary information (Premier Inn, 2007) rolePubl icFounded1987HeadquartersFlag of England LutonArea servedUnited KingdomIndustryHospitalityParentWhitbreadentourage capacity32,500Rooms The hotel chain has created a policy of having similar dwells in all of its hotels the rooms usually have a double bed/ twin beds, a working desk, shelves, a TV set and a shower. Some rooms have extra pull-out beds or on sofa, there are referred as family rooms. Usually these rooms are not priced higher than the standard rooms, as they are aforementioned(prenominal) in size. In the year 2006 premier inn modified their general room design thus far the rooms still have the same standard of facilities as in the past. Currently, the company offers a few numbers of rooms where weed is allowed, but as from January 2008, the company aims at making banning smoking in all rooms. (Premier Inn, 2007)Pricing policyPremier Inns charges a daily amount per room in use(p) not considering the number of people occupying the room, the maximum allowed number is two adults and two children. The price of a room according to the company website is from $ 48, however many of its chain charge a minimum of $55, though the price depends on where the hotel is located and on particular days of the week. For example prices are higher on a week day than during a weekend. Unlike their main competitor

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Product and Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Product and Brand management - set about ExampleAccording to Forbes and Fortune magazine, HSBC is one of the top 100 power brands in the world. Intraday market capitalization of the company is $122.65 billion (Yahoo Finance, 2012). HSBC operates through four business verticals such as commercial banking, investment banking, world-wide private banking and sell banking (HSBC, 2013a). The company has established more than 7,000 offices across 85 countries in the world. As of 31 December 2012, the company had total asset of more than $2.5 trillion (HSBC Holdings Plc, 2013).The study will focus on discussing retail banking serve of HSBC in order to analyze its brand image in front of retail customers of UK. The bank offers retail banking services to more than 50 million customers across the globe. Retail banking services of HSBC is comprised of sideline offerings.The bank offers personal loan and recognize card service to retail customers, worldwide acceptance of credit card of HSB C is tendingful for retail customers to purchase their favourite items from shops located in different parts of the world. lens nucleus values of HSBC is to be resilient, committed, trustworthy, decisive and capable of taking personal accountability for any losses to customers and another(prenominal) stakeholders due to any misleading activity of the bank.Political environment of UK is stable for operating banking and financial services in comparison to other European countries. For example, banking frame in UK is controlled by FSA or Financial work Authority. Stable regulatory environment will help HSBC to expand its operation in UK.Economic system of UK was affected marginally due to sovereign debt crisis where as countries like Greece, Spain, Italy etc were the worst sufferer during the time Euro regulate crisis. Comparatively stable economic environment of UK will provide growth opportunity to HSBC.Many British customers have reported their concern over failure of operation al security system of HSBC which can help the

Friday, April 19, 2019

Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critique - Assignment ExampleThe authors have discussed variant approaches the organizations will use new-fangled knowledge to capitalize on customer involvement and transform brand conversation expertise and populations. Therefore, as the merchandiseing world undergoes digital transformations the most essential tools for marketers will be maximizing on forming relationships with the customers and rake of value to them by taking customers are the central nerve of the marketers activities.These perceptions are echoed by Wong in the member The Future of Advertising. Wong makes a similar observation and argues that marketers competitiveness will be determined by their talent to identify customers specific directs and to satisfy that requirement in real meter (Wong, 2015). Also, he argues that the era of mass-marketing products is coming to an end because although televisions and radios assist in reaching many audiences they are not sufficient for consumer engagement. On the cont rary, marketers will use strategies to identify the exact needs of the consumer momentarily and satisfy that need in real time. Wong cites an example of Google and Apple use of mobile applications to control human health, cars and homes as a mark of the beginning of the digital era that leads instantaneous satisfaction consumer needs (Wong, 2015). Therefore, marketers will use various applications and devices to interact with consumers and deliver their value through the devices and applicationsThe book and the article presents the clear truth about the future tense marketing by arguing that the marketers should understand the specific needs and wants of the customers, focus on particular market segment which they can be able to satisfy and maximize on value creation to allurement to the customers and develop value for them (Kottler & Armstrong, 2015). Through such marketing practices, the organizations can enlarge

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Terry Fox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

terry cloth Fox - Essay standardTerrance Stanley Fox was i of the people, whose life was ruined by genus Cancer, thus he knew pretty well what he struggled for. A young musical composition lost his leg in the struggle with the dangerous disease, when he was barely nineteen (Nelson, 2003). Since that time he became a cancer activist. In 1980 terry cloth started his cross-Canada run that was also discontinue by cancer recidivation. After his death terry Fox Run was created. Running with the artificial leg, Terry became a national hero. The main goal of his Marathon of Hope was to collect money and spend it for cancer research in order to find the way to treat the illness. His plan was to take one long horse from each Canadian citizen and the sum would reach 24 million dollars. He ran every day and by the time he reached Ontario, he was already famous. His run ended near Thunder Bay, when the disease make him stop. A hero died nine months later. Terry Fox was inspired by Dick Tr aum, the first man who took part in racing without a leg. After reading active Dicks achievements Terry told his parents that he also was going to take part in marathon. However, he did non tell his parents about his real intentions. Terry was irritated by the fact that cancer research is not financed properly. He refractory to help find the way to treat the disease and almost realized his plan. ... There were faces with the brave smiles, and the ones who had stipulation up smiling. There were feelings of hopeful denial, and the feelings of despair. My quest would not be a selfish one. I could not leave knowing these faces and feelings would still exist, even though I would be set free from mine. somewhere the hurting must stop....and I was determined to take myself to the limit for this cause(cited in Cosentino, 1990). Notwithstanding that Terry was disabled, he believed in his own forces and did not want people to be sorry of him. Unfortunately, not whole of his friends and r elatives supported him, his mother did not want him to run. Then she was sorry of that, she recollects his words He said, I thought youd be one of the first persons to believe in me. And I wasnt. I was the first person who let him prevail over (cited in MacQueen, 2010). Terry was not sure that his running will help cure cancer, but he still hoped so. When he applied to Canadian Cancer Society asking for funding his project, he wrote we bespeak your help. The people in cancer clinics all over the world need people who believe in miracles. I am not a dreamer, and I am not saying that this will go any kind of definitive answer or cure to cancer. I believe in miracles. I have to (cited in Cosentino, 1990). Though the mission of Terry Fox remained unfinished, others continue reaching his goal. We should hope that one day cancer will be successfully treated and many lives will be extradited. lot like Terry Fox are heroes and they should be remembered for what they did for others. Fox ran without leg in order to save the lives and health of other people. He did not listen to those, who did not believe in him, and did everything to reach his goal. His assurance and astonishing

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

There was a perdominant clan mind set in appalchia and in turn Term Paper

There was a perdominant clan mind bound in appalchia and in turn influenced feudings in appalchia. Scottish and irish and welsh im - Term Paper slipIt is crucial to note that the Appalachians did not have trust in the justice system and therefrom inflexible most of their issues of conflict with violence. Settlements 1The mountainous regions were invaded by the substantiaters from Irish, Scottish and those from welsh. The understanding of these earlier settlements in Appalachian is sometimes difficult with respect to the time they settled and the purpose for their immigration into this land. It is believed that the Irish and the Scottish were the first to settle within the mountainous regions. The main purpose for these settlements was to come and bring Christianity to their young give land and and then revolutionize the hoi polloi who inhabited this region. It is also either essential(p) to note that the settlers who came to this region were mainly Christians who loved harmony very much. Their purpose of civilization and the spread of their respective religious believes were however very futile. One important thing with these settlements however was noticed as music and the spread of music in this region however, they found many challenges. There were very few churches as well as very few Christians and hence it was very difficult to establish themselves well. However, they mainly settled a foresightful the coastal regions along the North Carolina coasts, curtain Fear River as well as Wilmington. However, few others found themselves in Appalachian highlands. These settlements were very important in the Appalachian since they affected the music of the Appalachian highlands as well as the life styles. The existing styles were affected much by the Scottish and the Irish who came with the idea of Christianity and forgiveness. However, they faced challenges of remoteness and the inability to get efficiently within the region because of the physical barriers that were created by the mountainous topography of the place. However, Appalachian served as a new land for transformation since it resulted into the transformation of the people and their beliefs. It is however important to note that this took long time since the universe was highly dispersed with reference to their population. 2Physical barriers served as the stumbling blocks to civilization and resulted into lack of trust for the legal systems that existed. Because of this, the option that remained for the people in case of conflicts and disputes was to resort to wars and violence. The mistrust they had with the legal system played a very important role in later years after settlement in the ignition of conflicts and violence that resulted into long periods of feuds as reported by researchers. It is also important to note that as new settlers, they did not exclusively perceive courts and the systems as inappropriate but they also perceive d the people in the same way. 3Appalachia regions were isolated due to its topography and hence reaching there was not easy. This resulted into lagging behind other regions in terms of social, political and economic development. It is also believed that these people were not well educated and hence there was no public awareness with respect legal system and the procedures to seek justice through the courts. Among all these, cultural beliefs and poverty played an important role in determining the way of life of the Appalachian

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers Essay Example for Free

The Experience of Ethnic Minority Workers Essay administrator SUMMARY This piece of music describes the findings of a qualitative research project, The Experience of Ethnic Minority and Migrant Workers in the Hotel and Catering Industry R come ones to actualise and Advice on Workplace Problems, funded by the European Social Fund and Acas and carried prohibited by the Working Lives research Institute at capital of the United Kingdom Metropolitan University. The research provides evidence of the conditions confront by heathenishal nonage and migratory pretenders in the hotel and eating place vault of heaven, an industry already go throughn for its jolty pull ins environment. In-depth interviews with 50 heathenish nonage and migrator starters in London, the wolfram Midlands and the South westerly were carried out between may 2005 and May 2006. In addition, interviews were held with key informants to provide contextual information on features and trends indoors th e welkin. The key findings of the research be summarised here. Working conditions in hotels and eating houses Cash-in-hand, undeclared or at a minorer place-declared, and il court-ordered working was prime among the social minority and migrant restaurant workers interviewed, and affected twain body of work conditions and rates of pay.This was prevalent in grim, pagan minority-owned restaurants, unremarkably employing members of the same heathenish theme. The National Minimum Wage (NMW) was the rate commonly paid to basic grade lag, including bar and restaurant staff, hotel porters and ho partkeeping staff, busyly extraneous of London. The research likewise engraft a high-pitched incidence of flat rate payments per shift or per week, regardless of hours worked, below the NMW, oftentimes paid cash-in-hand. Long hours working was a further feature. Full-time workers did a minimum 40-hour week, with 50 to 60 hours a week being common, ill-temperedly in restauran ts.Late night working, or until the last node left, was often expected without extra pay. Some matte up that they had no life outside work out-of-pocket to the long hours demanded by the contemplate. In some instances, individuals had several(prenominal)(prenominal) jobs to earn money to support family or direct back home. There was low awareness of holiday and leave entitlements. Very few workers received much(prenominal) than than the statutory entitlement to four weeks holiday. Some reported labourting no paid holidays or receiving less than the legal minimum, and there was generally low awareness of holiday entitlement.In small restaurants there was sometimes an liberal constitution of twain weeks leave. It was common for workers to squander received no written statements of particulars or contracts. This was institute among both(prenominal) informally and legitimately active workers, and was a source of anxiety for several. 1 There were poor perceptions of job security in the sphere of influence. Few workers felt secure in their body of work, often feeling they could be despoiled on the spot, particularly those working informally. Some longer-term workers in regular usage were aware that change magnitude use of occasional and spot staff meant that their jobs were not secure.Training available to migrant workers, particularly in restaurants, was stripped, usually only in basic health and condom, hygiene or fire procedures. In some hotels, however, managers had prize the neglect of training in the past and were offering staff the chance to pursue National vocational Qualifications. Problems at work There was a high degree of acceptation of the poor working conditions in the sector among interviewees, with issues such(prenominal) as low pay, long hours, unpaid oertime and poor health and safety standards often not perceived as particular businesss but rather viewed as the nature of work in the sector.Where problems were ide ntified these related to pay long working hours workload getting time off bullying and verbal abuse, including racial harassment problems getting on with colleagues English language skills and theft of holding from work. Bullying and verbal abuse was common, particularly in kitchens where chefs were often k immediatelyn as bullies, but this was trustworthy by some as just the mentality of the kitchen. Sometimes the abuse had a racial element, with bloody(a) foreigner apply as a term of abuse. Racist abuse from restaurant customers was also regularly suffered by some waiters.In one hotel, several staff had experienced bullying from a manager, resulting in time off sick with stress. Staff believed there was an ulterior motive of trying to get give up of long-serving employees and replacing them with cheaper casual staff. Opportunities for promotion were felt by several interviewees to be inhibited by difference on grounds of race, ethnicity, nationality or age, as well as the l imitations imposed by work endure or visa rules. Some long-term workers felt they had been overlooked for promotion, with their age then compounding the problem as employers looked for younger staff to promote and develop.Where employees saw that they had opportunities to progress, this was payable to the support of a manager. Opportunities were further limit by employer presumptions about the suitability of staff for front-of- home jobs, such as reception or waiter positions, establish on ethnicity, gender and age. Some employers expressed preferences for white staff, or a balance of white and non-white front-of house staff, on the grounds that it was what their customers wanted. The research found that such racial stereotyping was expressed openly in this sector in a way that may not be acceptable in opposite sectors. 2 In the principal(prenominal), interviewees did not raise health and safety concerns when discussing problems at work, reflecting an acceptance of the haza rds of this type of work. However more issues did arise during the course of interviews, which included burns and working in hot kitchens working in a confined space back and shoulder pains and tiredness from long working hours and heavy workload. Often, indebtedness for health and safety, such as avoiding burns, was seen as primarily belonging to the employee and not the employer.Most workers believed that infinitesimal could be done to tackle the problems that they were having at work, or felt that the only solution was to leave the job. A fistful of workers had taken action to resolve their problems at work, either by raising concerns with their manager, or seeking outside support or advice. Support, advice and awareness of rights Workers felt poorly informed about piece of work rights in the UK, and had little idea of where to get information if they desireed it. Many also were unsure about aspects of their own particular terms and conditions of employment, which was re lated to a lack of written information.As might be expected, those who had been in the UK for a longer time, and the small number who were members of a condescension union, felt better informed about their rights at work. Trade unions had been a valuable source of support for a small number of interviewees, but for around workers, unions simply did not feature in their experience of work. precisely despite the difficulties of organising in the sector, including high staff turnover, no culture of trade unionism and employers that are hostile to trade unions, union membership was increment in one London hotel and supply branch.This was the result of recruitment campaigns that included information in several languages. Some interviewees either had, or would, seek support from community organisations about problems at work. However, there was a variation in the level of community support available in the three regions, with London and the watt Midlands having established organisat ions representing a variety of ethnic groups, but such structures were much less well veritable in the South West.Seeking support and advice through community organisations can also be a double-edged sword for those who work for employers inside the same ethnic community, with some fearing that if they sought advice, word would get around and they would have problems getting work in future. Of the small number of workers who had sought support for problems at work, Citizens Advice, Acas and a specific project for service workers (no longer in existence) had been used. small-arm a small number were aware of Citizens Advice, a couple thought that the service excluded them because of its name, which implied to them that it was for British citizens only. 3 Conclusions and recommendations While many of the working conditions and problems high wilded in this report are common to workers in the sector, the research found several features that serve to differentiate the experience of e thnic minority and migrant workers immigration status working in the informal sector discrimination in the labour market and employment and low expectations which increase valuation reserve of poor working conditions.For ethnic minority and migrant workers the difficulties in raising and resolving problems relate both to their own individual vulnerability and characteristics of work in the sector. Recent migrant workers may have express mail English language skills and little or no knowledge of UK employment rights and support structures, factors that compound the difficulties of addressing problems in the sector.These include the perception that there is a ready supply of labour to replace workers who complain a lack of union organisation a culture of poor personnel practice, such as minimal training and proviso of information and the informal nature of much employment obtained by ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector. There appeared also to be a lack of monitoring o r enforcement of employers configuration with employment legislation in this sector.To understand the different experiences and motivations for ethnic minority and migrant workers working in hotels and restaurants, the research developed a typology of strategies that highlights at one end how some individuals feel they are performing strategically in relation to their work choices, whereas at the opposite, economic factors and limitations play a great share in determining their choices. The strategies move from Career progression through Broadening opportunities and Stepping stone to Pragmatic acceptance and No alternative.The research makes a number of recommendations about how the position of this dangerous group of workers can be improved through better door to employment rights and information, improvements in working conditions and career opportunities, and improved provision of support and advice. 4 1. INTRODUCTION This project, The Experience of Ethnic Minority Worke rs in the Hotel and Catering Industry Routes to Support and Advice on Workplace Problems, was funded by the European Social Fund and Acas and carried out by the Working Lives Research Institute, London Metropolitan University between May 2004 and July 2006.The project used qualitative research methods to explore the experiences and problems at work of ethnic minority and migrant workers in hotels and restaurants, with the aim of both identifying the diverge of experiences and problems encountered, and gaining a greater understanding of access to and use of support and advice to resolve these problems. The research therefore provides evidence of the conditions faced by ethnic minority and migrant workers, which is an area relatively neglected by research so far.Its intent is to inform policy in order to improve good practice in relation to the employment of ethnic minority and migrant workers, to prevent problems from arising, and to improve the support and advice mechanisms availa ble. The key target groups for these research findings and policy objectives are thus employers, statutory bodies, the voluntary sector, trade unions and community groups. 1.1 Background to the project At the start of the project a working paper (Wright and Pollert, 2005) was prepared to establish the extent of ethnic minority and migrant working in the hotel and restaurant sector, as well as pinpointing the main issues for workers in the sector identified by the existing literature. The working paper is available on the project website1. The paper showed that ethnic minority and migrant workers make up a significant part of the hotel and restaurant workforce intimately threefifths (59%) of workers in the sector in London described themselves as other than whitened British in the 2001 census (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27). Outside of London the picture reflects the differences in the concentration of the ethnic minority population crossways the UK. In the West Midlands, where 84% of the hotel and restaurant workforce were White British in 2001, the magnanimousst other groups were White other (2. 9%), Bangladeshi (2. 3%) and Indian (2. 2%). The sector is a particularly chief(prenominal) source of employment for some groups, with 52% of male Bangladeshi workers employed in restaurants, compared to only 1% of white males (Holgate, 2004 21).In London, migrant workers (those born outside the UK) account for 60% of those employed in the hotel and restaurant sector (GLA, 2005 68), compared to 31% of all London workers who were born outside the UK. However there have been master(prenominal) changes in the composition of the hotel and restaurant workforce since the 2001 census, with employers filling vacancies in the sector by employing significant metrical composition of workers from the East European countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 (known as the A8 countries).The government requires nationals of the A8 countries who wish to work in the UK to record wi th the Worker Registration Scheme (WRS), and fireside Office figures show that of the 375,000 workers registered between May 2004 and March 2006, 22% were working in hospitality and catering (80,570 workers) (Home Office, 1 http//www. workinglives. org/HotelCatering. html 5 2006a). There has, however, been a resist in the proportion of WRS applicants in Hospitality and Catering from 31% in the second quarter of 2004, to 18% in the graduation quarter of 2006, with Administration, Business and Management now employing greater numbers.The highest proportion of all applicants under the scheme were brush up (61%), followed by Lithuanian (12%) and Slovak (10%). The figures also show a movement of registered workers to other separate of the UK than London, with the percentage applying to London falling from 25% in the second quarter of 2004, to 11% in the first quarter of 2006 (Home Office, 2006a). While working conditions in the industry have been well documented as consisting of low pay, low status, exploitation of employees and lack of unionisation (e.g. Gabriel, 1988 Price, 1994 Head and Lucas, 2004 LPC 2005), little has been written in the UK about the actual experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers, with much of the existing literature foc apply on management conduct and strategy (Wright and Pollert, 2005). Some recent exceptions include a study of low pay in London (Evans et al, 2005), which included the hotel and catering industry. This study of 341 randomly selected low paid workers contained 90% who were migrants.Of their warning of hotel and hospitality workers, the largest group (two-fifths) were non-British whites, mainly from Eastern Europe, followed by Africans (24%). It found the lowest rates of pay to be in the hotel and catering sector, below contract cleaning, home care and the food industry. Other recent research has considered the experience of interchange and East European migrants in low paid employment in the UK in the context of the A8 countries connection the EU, and covers hospitality, along with construction, agriculture and au pairs (Anderson et al, 2006).It is some 15 age since the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) undertook a formal investigation into recruitment and selection in hotels (CRE, 1991) in response to concern that the sector was impuissance to consider equal opportunities in employment practices. It found that ethnic minority staff were disproportionately grueling in unskilled jobs, and found only one ethnic minority manager out of 117 hotels investigated.It do a number of recommendations about how hotels should improve their practices in relation to recruitment, monitoring, positive action and training pickings account of equal opportunities issues. However, we have been unable to find evidence of any monitoring or paygrade of whether these recommendations have been heeded or implemented by hotel employers. While knowledge of employment rights among all workers in the UK is poor , it has been shown that vulnerable groups know even less (Pollert, 2005).A random survey of battalions awareness of employment rights in the West Midlands found that women, ethnic minorities, young people and the low paid were least apparent to be aware of their rights (WMLPU, 2001). The research was undertaken in the context of considerable public debate on migration policy, and at a time when the government was intending to phase out low skilled migration schemes, such as the Sectors found Scheme, which granted work permits to certain numbers of workers in skills shortage sectors such as hospitality, in the light of new labour available from the European Union (Home Office,2005).At the same time there is increasing concern for vulnerable workers, and the government has recently published a policy statement on protect vulnerable workers, defined as someone working in an environment where the risk of being denied employment rights is high and who does not have the capacity or me ans to protect themselves from that abuse (DTI, 2006 25). 6 1. 2 Research aims The research set out to address the side by side(p) key questions 1. What are the working conditions of ethnic minority and migrant workers in hotels and restaurants? 2.How are working conditions seen and what are perceived as problems, and how does this impact on acceptance of poor working conditions? 3. What type of problems do ethnic minority and migrant workers have working in hotels and restaurants? 4. How do these compare to the problems generally affecting workers in the sector and to what extent are they associated with particular labourmarket niches within the sector to which these workers are confined? If this is so, to what extent is the insecurity of migrant status relevant, or is racial discrimination relevant? 5.How much do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector know about their rights at work, and to what extent do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector exploit to enforce their legal rights at work, or instead try to find ways to achieve a sufficient income and manageable working conditions, even if this means colluding with illegal employment practices? 6. How much do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector know about where to get advice and support for problems at work? And who do they turn to for advice and support?To what extent do ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector use statutory (i.e. Acas, CRE), voluntary (CABx, local advice agencies), trade union, community (groups or informal contacts through ethnic networks) or informal (friends, family) sources of support and advice? 7. What are the experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers in this sector of using all these sources of support and advice and what barriers do they face in accessing support and advice for workplace problems? 1. 3 Structure of the report The report describes the research methodology and access routes, together with the characteristics of the interviewees in section 2.The working conditions experienced by interviewees are described in section 3, confirming evidence from much of the existing literature on the sector, but also highlighting where the experience of ethnic minority and migrant workers may be particular. section 4 describes the problems encountered by interviewees in their jobs in hotels and restaurants, but also considers the attitude of these workers to defining problems at work, as well as their approaches to resolving problems and barriers to resolution.The information, support and advice available to and used by the ethnic minority and migrant workers interviewed is explored in section 5, together with their awareness of employment rights in the UK. 7 In section 6 conclusions are drawn about the specific experiences of ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector, the problems that they face and their need for support and advice, suggesting that changes need to be made to practice within the sector, as well as in improved provision of support to ethnic minority and migrant workers.8 2. METHODOLOGY The project employed qualitative research methods to gather in-depth accounts of the experiences of 50 ethnic minority and migrant workers. Interviews were carried out between May 2005 and May 2006. In addition, interviews and face-to face and telephone conversations were held with key informants to provide contextual information on features and trends within the sector affecting ethnic minority and migrant workers.The strengths of using qualitative methods are that they can not only identify tangible issues (the problems themselves, for example), but also more elusive, subjective issues, such as motivation, perceptions of opportunities and of rights, whiz of inclusion, integration and fairness or their opposites sense of frustration, alienation and barriers to obtaining support and fairness at work. 2. 1 regional scope The research project was confined to England within t he terms of reference set by the European Social Fund.Three English regions were selected in order to provide a comparison of experiences of migrant and ethnic minority workers London, the West Midlands and the South West. London and the West Midlands have considerably larger non-white and migrant populations than other parts of the country, with significant numbers of Bangladeshis and Pakistanis working in the hotel and restaurant sector in the West Midlands (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27 28). In contrast, the South West is the English region with the smallest non-white population, but is experiencing a growth in migrant workers.The problems facing ethnic minority and migrant populations here have been less well documented, but where studies have been done, isolation from ethnic minority communities and support structures emerges as an issue (BMG Research, 2003 Gaine and Lamley, 2003 SWTUC, 2004). Tourism also accounts for 10% of contribute employment in the South West, with the gre atest proportion of these (70%) employed in the hospitality sector accommodation, restaurants, pubs etcetera(Tourism Skills Network South West, 2002). In the South West it was decided to focus the research on two towns with a large tourist population and therefore a high demand for a hotel and restaurant workforce Bournemouth and Plymouth. The Human Resources manager of a Bournemouth hotel group, interviewed for this research, said that only 32% of their workforce was British, indicating a high reliance on foreign-born workers. 2.2 Definitions of ethnic minority and migrant workers The research includes both ethnic minority and migrant workers, categories which, in real life, are complex, changing and overlapping. Some ethnic minorities (using the Labour major power Survey definitions) will also be migrants. Migrants (defined here as all those who were born outside the UK, Home Office, 2002) may or may not be defined as ethnic minorities, and may or may not be discriminated again st. White Australian or Canadian migrant workers, for example, would not be.But Kosovan people may be regarded as ethnic minorities, and suffer racism and discrimination, and Czech or Polish people may or may not be discriminated against, and eon they may not be visible in terms of skin colour, in the way black and Asian people are, they are visible in terms of language, cultural characteristics, and discrimination. As many white Eastern Europeans are now 9 working in the hotel and restaurant sector, particularly since the EU enlargement in May 2004, it was felt to be important to include their experiences in the study.2. 3 Access to research participants In order to include the experience of a broad range of interviewees from different ethnic groups and backgrounds, including both recent and more colonized ethnic minorities, it was decided to use multiple routes to access interviewees. Therefore a range of bodies were contacted, many with a twofold purpose of a) providing contextu al information about the sector and/or the experiences of particular ethnic groups and b) assist gain access to research participants.Organisations contacted included trade unions, community and worker organisations, sector bodies, employers and statutory and advice agencies (see auxiliary 2). In the South West, where there are fewer organised community groups than in the two other regions, we spoke to officers at Bournemouth Borough Council, who gave us informal contacts within the main local ethnic minority communities, as well as putting us in contact with several community interpreters who spoke the main languages of the local ethnic minority groups Portuguese, Korean, Turkish, Bengali and Spanish.These routes proved very useful in helping to access research participants and in providing interpretation for interviews. However, in the end, Turkish and Bangladeshi workers were reluctant to come forward to be interviewed, which the interpreters said was because they were fearful of speaking out about their employers, despite reassurances of confidentiality. In all three areas we used fieldworkers who were able to use their language skills to carry out interviews in workers native languages, namely Bengali, Spanish, Polish, Lithuanian and Mandarin.The fieldworkers were also able to provide access to workers who may not have come forward otherwise, being people who were known and trusted among their own ethnic communities, or who were able to provide sufficient reassurance of confidentiality. Training was provided in using the interview guide to all fieldworkers to ensure a common approach was used in interviews and that fieldworkers understood the aims and objectives of the research.While the approach used provided access to workers in a wide range of establishments,from large hotel groups to small independent restaurants, including several working illegally or informally, we acknowledge that using such routes could not access the most hard-to-reach illegal migrant and ethnic minority workers, who may constitute a considerable proportion of workers in the sector. The research may not fully represent the worst conditions found in the underbelly of the sector as suffered by many illegal or undocumented migrants, as portrayed, for example, in Steven Frears 2002 film about a London hotel, Dirty Pretty Things.It was decided not only to seek out interviewees who perceived themselves as having had a problem at work, but a range of people in different jobs in the sector, in order to explore their typical work experiences and their attitudes towards problems and conditions in the sector. 10 2. 4 Key informants In addition to the worker interviews, at least 20 key informants (see Appendix 2) provided further context on the hotel and restaurant sector, including regional knowledge.These included employers and employer representative bodies, trade union officials and branch members, community organisations, representatives of sector bodies and sta tutory and voluntary organisations. In some cases in-depth interviews were carried out, and in others more informal conversations were held either face-to-face or on the telephone. 2. 5 Worker interviews A total of 50 in-depth qualitative interviews were carried out in the three regions, with a greater number in London due to the huge range of ethnic minority and migrant workers in the sector in the capital.The breakdown was as follows Table 1 Worker interviews by region Region London South West West Midlands Total % 46% 24% 30% 100% No. of worker interviews 23 12 15 50 during the interviews, which and a half. Participants were of both themselves and their participation with a ? 10 shop A semi-structured interview docket was used generally lasted between 45 minutes to an hour assured of confidentiality, and of the anonymity employer. They were thanked for their time and voucher.At the start of the interview, participants were asked to complete a two-page questionnaire giving basic demographic and employment details, data from which is provided in the following section. 2. 5. 1 Ethnicity Respondents were asked to describe their ethnicity, according to the classification used in the 2001 Census. The results are grouped together in table 2. Table 2 Ethnicity of the sample Ethnicity White Bangladeshi and Pakistani Chinese and Other Asian Black Mixed % 36% 26% 20% 16% 2% No. of interviewees 18 13 10 8 1 11 2. 5.2 Country of cause Table 3 shows the range of countries from which interviewees came. It was notable that only one participant was born in the UK, despite attempts to find British-born ethnic minority workers in the sector. Both fieldworkers and interviewees themselves commented that many British-born people do not wish to work in a sector that is known for low pay and long hours, including the children of migrants interviewed, as they seek better alternative employment opportunities (some young British-born workers do work in the sector while they are stu dents, but tend to do so for only a short time).Table 3 Country of birth Country of birth Bangladesh China Colombia France Ghana Holland Indonesia Ivory coast Korea Lithuania Philippines Poland Portugal Slovakia Somalia Spain Sudan Turkey UK Ukraine 2. 5. 3 Gender Women are under-represented in the sample (38% of interviewees) compared to their presence in the sector as a whole, but this reflects the fact that the sample includes a substantive number of Bangladeshi workers, who represent a significant group in the sector in the West Midlands, and most of these workers are male (Wright and Pollert, 2005 27-28).2. 5. 4 Age single one interviewee was under 21 years old. Almost two-fifths (38%) were aged 21 to 30 years old, and the same proportion were between 31 and 40 years old. Six interviewees (12%) were aged 41 to 50, and five (10%) were between 51 to 60. None of the interviewees were aged over 60. 2. 5. 5 Education Overall the sample was fairly highly educated, with 36% having a first phase or higher degree. Another 10% had post- secondary non-tertiary level education, and 36% had received education up to secondary level, while 12% had received.% 24% 10% 6% 2% 4% 2% 2% 2% 6% 8% 2% 4% 4% 6% 6% 2% 2% 4% 2% 2% No. of interviewees 12 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 12 primary level education or less. A further 6% had other qualifications or the details of their education were not known. 2. 5. 6 Employment The majority (62%) of the interviewees worked in restaurants, while 30% worked in hotels. The remaining 8% either worked in both hotels and restaurants, as agency workers, or in catering services. More than half of respondents (54%) said there were 10 or fewer employees where they worked.A further 22% said there were between 11 and 25 people where they worked. Only 6% worked for employers with between 26 to 49 people and 10% said there were 50 or more employees where they worked. However these figures should be treated with caution, and may underestima te the number working for larger employers, as respondents may have interpreted the questions as referring to the workplace or department of the hotel where they worked, rather than the employer as a whole.Almost half the interviewees (48%) worked as waiters or waitresses, either in hotels or restaurants. Another 20% were chefs or cooks, and a further 4% worked in kitchens as general accomplices. 12% said they were supervisors or managers and 4% described themselves as cashiers. Another 10% worked in other jobs in hotels as receptionist, general assistant or porter/bar worker. The majority of workers were full-time (70%), while 14% said they worked parttime, and 14% were casual workers.Working hours were long. The largest proportion (40%) worked over 40 hours per week 10% worked between 41 and 48 hours, while almost a third (30%) said they worked over 48 hours a week. Just over a third (36%) worked between 21 and 40 hours a week. Only 6% did less than 20 hours a week. The majority (82%) had only one job at the time of the interview, with 18% having two or more jobs. However, some of those currently working in only one jo.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Truth in the Legality of Income Taxes Essay Example for Free

Truth in the Legality of Income Taxes EssayOn April 15 Americans rush to a crowded parking lot, racing against a deadline to file their 1040. These well-intentioned, hard working, honorable Americans conceptualise that they are duty bound and even bound by a law requiring them to pay an income measure on their labor. Also, there exists a populous with like-attributes who do not believe that they are bound by law nor is the payment of such revenuees a duty but rather a disservice to the nation. This disputed issue first gained my interest about 1 year ago, when it was brought to my attention in a extra speech tax debate. As a well seasoned tax professional of 4 years, and my major concentration of studies being in accounting and taxation, I was compelled to fetch out the truth about the law of income tax. After much research, I have not been able to find the law that requires the American slew to pay such a tax on their labor nor have I been able to find a provision fo r such a tax in either the Internal Revenue encipher or the linked States organisation. If there is such a law, requiring Americans to pay an income tax on their labor, the United States giving medication should show the people that law. In order to understand the legality of taxes, we must first refer to two the constitutional provisions for taxes levied and the constitutional context of the terminology used in such provisions. On each question of the construction of the Constitution, let us carry ourselves back to the time when the Constitution was adopted, recollect the nub manifested in the debates, and instead of trying what meaning may be squeezed out of the text, or invented against it, conform to the veri resembling one in which it was passed. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Johnson, Supreme Court Justice, 1823While observing the taxation clauses of the United States Constitution, two types of tax can be determined, a direct tax and an corroboratory tax. Althoug h, the term indirect tax does not actually appear in the Constitution, its meaning is implied here as any tax that is not a direct tax.A direct tax is a tax that cannot be avoided nor passed on, if it is owed. The Constitution specifically states for the case of a direct tax, that it must be apportioned among the several states according to their population. An illustration of a direct tax in which the goernment may levy, is tax on res publica receivable to ownership, simply because the land exists. Meaning that regardless of what the land is used for or who owns it, the tax is on the land and the owner of the land is liable for the tax due. (Constitutional Income Do You Have Any?)Meaning of IncomeAlthough there are sections that mention the term income, term itself is not properly defined in the Internal Revenue Code. at that place is not clear cut definition with regards to this term. In the Internal Revenue Codes division 61a, the term income is vaguely implied. An example o f this would be income as defined by IRS agents as (not even) earnings from some(prenominal) source derived. The Supreme Court, however, has come up with a legal definition of income for the purposes of taxation. The Supreme Court does not consider tax as something levied on a persons earnings through his personal labor. Here are some cases to show an example. SO. PACIFIC v. LOWE, 238 F. 847 (U.S. Dist. Ct. S.D. N.Y. 1917 247 U.S. 330 1918cite that income as used in the statute should be given a meaning so as not to include everything that comes in.The true function of the nomenclature gains andprofits is to limit the meaning of the word income. The case of Staples v. U.S., 21 F Supp 737 U.S. Dist. Ct. ED PA, 1937 likewise has a similar take on the term. Income within the meaning of the sixteenth Amendment and the Revenue Act, means gain and in such connection gain means profit proceeding from property severed from capital, however invested or employed, and access in, receive d, or drawn by the taxpayer, for his separate use, benefit and disposal. (Legal Minds Community)The Grace relegatingPeter Grace and diddly-shit Anderson formed the Grace Commission in 1982. This was a rejoinder to then President Reagans PRESIDENTS snobby SECTOR SURVEY ON COST CONTROL. The Grace Commission made recommendations that would save the taxpayers $424.4 billion over three years. The suggestions made did not compromise essential services or raising taxes. The Grace Commission also accurately predicted the accumulation of multi-trillion dollar regimen debt by 2000 if the government would do nothing to cure the present situation. (Truth in Taxation.US)Furthermore, the Grace Commission revealed that tax collection is not a hundred percent. besides one-third of the total collectibles is collected and the remaining two-thirds is either wasted or not collected. The total beat collected goes to the payment of federal debt. The payment of wage taxes supports global banking bu t does benefit neither Americans nor the government in any way. In short, the payment of wage taxes goes to nowhere near providing benefits to the American people. (Truth in Taxation.US)The resoluteness of Independence defined labor as property of the most sacred kind. Labor is among the unalienable rights. These include the right of men to pursue their happiness, by which is meant, the right any lawful business or vocation, in any manner not inconsistent with the equal rights of others, which may increase their prosperity or develop their faculties, so as to give them their highest enjoyment. (Paul) That said collecting income taxes on an individuals gains from his personal labor is illegal.Works CitedConstitutional Income Do You Have Any? 2004. 25 October 2007 http//www.constitutionalincome.com/first_chapter.php.Legal Minds Community. The 16th explained. 17 January 1998. 25 October 2007 http//legalminds.lp.findlaw.com/list/fedtax-l/msg01860.html.Paul, Ron. Cases on Income. 2007. 25 October 2007 http//irwinschiff.homestead.com/CasesOnIncome.html.Truth in Taxation.US. Where Do Your Taxes Go? 2003. 25 October 2007 http//truthintaxation.us/?tax_inform=whereTaxesGo.

Has our society become excessively materialistic - SAT essay Essay Example for Free

Has our society become excessively conservative SAT essay EssayThough it cannot be denied that advanced(a) society is profoundly materialistic, there is nil inherently wrong with a society that values the production and consumption of material goods. Ample historic evidence suggests that societies that devalue capital wealthiness and material gain testament be unstable and short-lived. materialism whatever value we place upon it creates a stable societal structure.Just turn on the television, examine the magazine covers in a supermarket, listen to any one of the top forty radio hits and you will be immediately faced with the rampant materialism of modern society. What do we value? Material wealth and celebrity. Why do we worship Paris Hilton, Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos. Steve Jobs? Because they redeem tremendous buying power and sensed power.What shows do we watch? American Idol, Cribs, Pimp My Ride, My Sweet 16 to name a few. All these shows knock off conspicuous consu mption and flagrant displays of wealth and hedonism to elevated levels. Our society is very much like the quaint materialistic society of Rome- in which wealth and power were paramount. Thus it cannot be denied that a materialist spirit pervades modern society.But whos to say that materialism is wrong? Our philosophers praise the virtues of materialism. Our prophets include the venerable John Smith, asa dulcis Franklin, Thomas Keynes and all the myriad materialistic philosophers. And how the anti-materialist philosophers have waned in influence and been discarded to the waste hive away of history Karl Marx, Lenin, Charles Fourrier all have been relegated to the trash heap.Capitalism is the ethos of the day- the driving force of our world. Just ask the Chinese, the Russians, who have discarded their antiquated philosophies in exchange for a more durable, albeit potentially cynical materialism. Materialism marks our infixed desire to have more than our neighbors, to do better tha n the Jones. Because it caters to an inborn human need, materialism will forever and a day provide a more stable structure for a society.Modern society is deeply materialistic. Thats because materialism works. It validates human needs and desires and works with mans actual structure rather than the similar lofty ideal or fantasy. Let us then celebrate our pervasive materialism and acknowledge its efficacy and virtue.Source http//www.applerouth.com/blog/2009/06/01/in-praise-of-folly-writing-the-sat-essay/

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Freak Dancing Essay Example for Free

demon Dancing render colossus terpsichore, the newest trip the light fantastic toe craze, is now posing problems around schools all around the nation. This internally stimulating dance is definitely sending a negative message to both children and parents. Freak dancing is completely churn up and must(prenominal) be banned from all school-related activities immediately. Freak dancing, also called grinding, is getting out of hand. The sexual movements and consistence contact in the dance is promoting inappropriate behavior.This type of dancing is occurring in schools everywhere. Freak dancing has regular spread to middle schools now. That is too young of and age to be dancing in such a sexual way. School is supposed to be a safe, nurturing environment that teaches kids to be respectful of each some other. How in the world is ball dancing respectful when there are boys and girls are rubbing against each other? There are horizontal girls who go around and freak dance wit h multiple boys. It doesnt solely promote sex, but prostitution too.This day and age in our society is when sex is the most prevalent, even more than the time of the Baby Boomers and freak dancing isnt helping to reduce it. Freak dancing is the most suggestive type of dancing there is and it isnt like only Lady wild does it. This suggestive dancing clearly has an impact on kids lives. If a kid sees many people freak dancing at a school dance then they will be tempted to do it and to fit in. As more and more kids dance this way it could eventually get worse and worse.Freak dancing is almost like sex, but with clothes on. Sex is already a problem in society today. As the multiplications have gone by, there has been more sex in a generation than the one before it. Its a problem because it causes desire and lust which ultimately lead to rape, sexual abuse, and abortion. Freak dancing is a prevalent problem in society today and it is a must to eliminate it from schools to reduce influ ence of sexual behavior in a learning environment. The less Freak dancing there is, the less of a chance kids will be tempted to behave sexually.

Friday, April 12, 2019

6. “It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking Essay Example for Free

6. It Is More grievous to Discover New Ways of Thinking EssayDeveloping in the raw ways of thinking approximately what we already know is very important as it helps us to develop a better intelligence of that which we already know so to some extent the above statement is true. However it is as pregnant to discover upstart data or facts. In fact these two concepts go hand in hand it is be social movement of some discoveries that we k unused when they first came to light that we have something we c each(prenominal) existing knowledge to think rough(predicate) and sometimes it is through trying to develop sassy ways of thinking about a certain(p) issue without a solution that we fin anyy decide it is opera hat to find a impertinent account or concept of looking at it. A student who goes from lower to higher school twain learns new and advanced ways of thinking about the information they have ga at that placed in previous grades as well as some new data they have never c ome crosswise before which further stresses that both concepts are important. We cannot learn everything at once nor can we know all sbout those things we know, which is why both developing what we already know and leaarning some new things are equally important.In some cases one may find that discussing and thinking about what we already know just now in a new clearer way can help us reach a conclusion whereas if we had elect to discover new facts about it instead, our horizon of confusion would have been broadened and we find ourselves with yet an other arcanum to solve. A good example of a case like this is death. Unless someone dies and comes back and tells us simply what happens after death, no one can ever really know what happens. Any information we all have of life after death is based on assumptions that is if there is even life after death.Discovering new facts about the so called life after death isnt but going to cause even more confusion, so really in my view I would say it is rather best that one sticks to the knowledge and believe they have over this issue, and if anything, find new ways of thinking about instead of creating yet another confusing phenomena based on assumptions. But such fields as Science motivate constant discovery of new knowledge because this is one area of knowledge where falsification is the only method used to prove the theories because we cannot verify, in other words prove a scientific theory to be true in any way but we can pfove it fo be wrong.In this case it is clear then that in Science it is more important to discover new facts or data than to think about that which we already have as we need new discoveries to fudge old theories. However sometimes it may be thinking hard and deep into a scientific theory that makes one see fault in it as a result make new discoveries in which case both thinking of something in a new way and making new discoveries would have been equally important. We can for instance look into t he famous example of the falsification of Newtons theory of gravitation by Einsteins theory of relativity.Einstein like all other Scientists of that time saw nothing wrong with Newtons model until a crisis came when Newtons theory of gravity failed to account for the behavior of light. Obviously this had to be a result of scientists thinking of new ways of applying Newtons model. No one expected the negative outcome they came out with but it was negative and the Scientists were faced with a dilemma they had to solve. That it is when Einstein invented his theory of relativity, a whole new theory, which could prune even for those discoveries that Newtons model failed to.In any case, the point is to show that finding new ways to think of something can actually lead to the discovery of new information which in reverse gives us something new to think about and in new ways if we please. Living only by developing things we already know would be depriving ourselves off so much knowledge. Had the masses who lived before our genesis decided they wanted to live only on what they knew, there would be so much we do not know.Generations like that of Newton or Einstein, generations like that of Priestley or Lavoisier who made discoveries about oxygen and those of people who learned the word of God and passed it on from generation to generation till the bible was written we would not have the knowledge we have today. And the knowledge does not end there and like the paradigm shifts suggest, there will always be new information, new theories and new ways of thinking as the innovation revolves that will override the current theories but should we decide to live only by the data that already exists, we may find that we are making experiments with 90% errors all the time.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Martin Luther King Jr Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther pouf Jr EssayIn 1998, an Atlanta Federal District Court judge ruled that Martin Luther powers I kick in a Dream bringing was part of bailiwick history and that CBS did non contend to seek permission to air it in an diachronic documentary that include a segment on the well-mannered rights relocation. The documentary, convey in 1994, incorporated a nine-minute excerpt of tabbys historic computer address. The office Corporation lawyers in the case argued that CBS had unlawfully used great powers eloquent, creative, literary expressions.Arguing the conclusiveness before the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals, the powerfulness family succeeded in having it overturned two years after. Although the stopping point was the first to legally cement the mogul familys rights, this was not the first era the copyright had convey an issue, nor would it be the last. Presciently, powerfulness had copyrighted the bringing a month after it was de come throughred and h is heirs clung tenaciously to the persuasion that it was a bequest to them (Stout 16). Cl atomic number 18nce Jones, faggots lawyer and confidant, filed suit against Twentieth Century Fox Records and Mr.Maestro Records for event bootleg copies of the lecturing (Branch 886).However, world-beater granted Motown Records permission to release two recordings of his dialectes (Great March to license and Great March to Washington), provided told Motown founder Berry Gordy that he wanted the entire proceeds to be donated to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). When Gordy urged King to keep half of the royalties for himself and his family, King insisted it go to the SCLC so as not to give the impression that he was benefitting from the cause of civic rights (Posner 17576).Kings family, like Gordy, has seen the speech as an important source of revenue, some of which undoubtedly has been used to advance Kings legacy. Since winning their appeal against CBS, the King fa mily has continued to exploit the copyright of the speech, agreeing to sell the cut telephone company Alcatel the right to use a digitally altered version of the event for a 2001 television set commercial. The commercial 184 Martin Luther King Jr. s I Have a Dream manner of speaking 185 shows King speaking jarringly absent the 250,000 hatful who had on that day lined the reflecting pool on the national mall.The commercial asks what would have happened if Kings terminology had not been able to connect with his listening (Szegedy-Maszak 20). Selling a permission to use the speech for a television commercial and engaging in legal wrangling nearly the news medias right to rebroadcast the speech are not developments that could be predicted from the iconic status the speech has achieved in national history. Although the legal dimensions of the speechs scattering are of interest, we are primarily interested in how Kings speech has fuck off a permanent fixture in the collective dep ot of Ameri do-nothing citizens despite the copyright controversy.In a recent book on the speech, Drew Hansen suggests that it is the oratorical equivalent of the Declaration of Independence (The Dream 214). What Edwin unforgiving said of the Gettysburg Address is equally true of I Have a Dream The speech is icy now in the history of a people (Black 21). Far more than an ordinary written or performed text, Kings speech is now viewed as a text be longsighteding to the nation, despite its accredited legal status. Coretta Scott King suggested that when King delivered the speech he was connected to a loftyer power (King).Whether or not divinely inspired, the speech has come to symbolismize the civil rights movement and anchors collective in the public eye(predicate) memory of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Equality and of King himself. Although Kings I Have a Dream speech is now accepted as one of the most important speeches of the twentieth century, this has not alway s been the case. Reactions to the speech immediately quest its delivery were mixed. Some praised the speech, while inexplicably others completely ignored it.How did Kings speech achieve its iconic status given the mixed reaction immediately following its presentation? Thinking of the speech as generative of its own fame supports the legendary aura that now surrounds it, however its elevated stature resulted from a gradual process of media dissemination and cultural amplification. The touchstones in this process included eventual comparisons of Kings grandiloquence to Lincolns, media portrayals of Kings role in the civil rights movement following his assassination, and the appropriation of the speech as a synecdoche for that movement.The memory of Lincolns speech was fixed by print, while Kings speech was fixed by the electronic media. In 1863, no one realized that Abraham Lincolns humble Remarks by the President at the Gettysburg sacrament would have become part of national icon ography. Years later, Carl Sandburg referred to it reverentially as the immense American poem, but part of the apocryphal lore of the speech is that Lincoln truly believed the world would not note nor long remember what he and others said at Gettysburg.Senator Edward Everett, one 186 ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews of the great ceremonial orators of his day, had satisfied every expectation of his interview with an address that took him two hours to deliver. It had taken Lincoln precisely three minutes to utter his 272 words (Wills 68). Lincolns speech gradually reached a substitute(prenominal) audience through the accounts of newspapers Kings speech was instantaneously comprehend and seen by radio listeners and television viewers numbering in the millions.For all its compelling metaphor and soaring imagery, I Have a Dream is more drama than poetry as drama, it must be heard and seen. Kings rhetorical genius was oral, Lincolns written. Lincoln r tra nscendentally, while King spoke in the arcsecond. Journalist Richard Carter, an eyewitness of the speech, reminds us that never before had a civil rights demonstration been aired live on national television (38). It was also the last such mass meeting to be broadcast (Branch 876).Of the ten civil rights leaders who spoke at the rally, King did most to ignite the assembly, but the conflict on television audiences derived from the interplay of King, his speech, the response of the crowd, and even the frequent cutaways to Lincolns statue. Carter finds it inexplicable that television dilettante Kay Gardella of the New York Daily News, who acknowledged that the speech was the most moving of the rally, subordinated the impress of Kings words to the visual images that the television camera associated with them Most effective and meaningful, she aid, were the cutaways to Lincolns statue (38).To those in the television spiritualist who recorded the speech, and probably to those who watch ed it, the stone statue of the Great Emancipator amplified the combined effect of Kings lyrical words, mellifluous voice, and determined countenance. The symbolic interplay between King and Lincoln was also not lost on E. W. Kenworthy, who filed the front page story for the clock times It was Dr. Kingwho had suffered perhaps most of allwho ignited the crowd with words that might have been written by the sad brooding man enshrined within (1). crowd Reston, on the same New York Times front page, declared that King touched the vast audience. Until whence the pilgrimage was merely a great spectacle (1). The Time Magazine article about the rally all the way understood the importance of Kings speech Kings particular magic had enslaved his audience, Time said of the prepared portion of Kings text, while particularly praising the extemporized section with which the speech ended as catching, dramatic, inspirational (Beginning). Not every major news outlet recognized the importance of Kin gs speech.The Washington Post, for example, focused on the speech delivered by A. Philip Randolph, without even discovering Kings (Branch 886). The historic and literary brilliance of Lincolns address at Gettysburg had also not been universally recognized by journalists. The fact that Lincolns speech became so famous is twice remarkable when one considers how few people actually heard it or saw so oft as a break big money of Lincoln delivering it. Illustrators would fill in the visual gaps that photographers likeMatthew Brady had left out.There is Martin Luther King Jr. s I Have a Dream Speech 187 only one photograph of Lincoln on the speakers platform and it was taken from some distance away (Kunhardt, Kunhardt, and Kunhardt 315). Kings speech, by contrast, was forever wedded to a set of visual imagesof Lincolns statue, of the antiphonal throng, and of King himself, visibly moved by his own words. It is difficult to explain precisely how Kings speech went from privately copyr ighted words to cherished public property, but surely the number of people who saw and heard and felt his speech live was an important ingredient.In the case of Lincolns speech, it helped that it was apparently spare and simple, something school children could easily read, memorize, and declaim. At eighteen minutes, Kings speech is nearly six times as long as Lincolns, but the dramatic climax of the speech is short enough to replay in honoring King or in the retelling of civil rights movement history, and the imagery of the speech is often striking. Both Kings and Lincolns speeches were tied to a momentous event, and the messages of both can be appreciated, if not fully understood, by successive generations without providing detailed historical context.The same cannot be said of Lincolns lawyerly and highly nuanced First Inaugural Address, or for that head Kings Vietnam era antiwar speech, A Time to Break Silence. The addresses at Gettysburg and the Lincoln Memorial sheer tumult uous chapters in American history. Martyrdom, Memorialization, and Mass Circulation The martyrdom of Lincoln and King did much to propel rehearsals of their plant and words. Pulitzer Prize winning historian David Garrow agrees with King biographer Drew Hansen that the speech received little further mention until after King was assassinated.Although King was honored by Time as its Man of the Year in 1964, the same year he won the Nobel Peace Prize, prior to Kings assassination in that respect was not a reason for the press to commemorate Kings biography or come forth in history. The identification between King and his enunciated dream heard by millions was unavoidable and seemingly inevitable. presently after his death, Motown Records reissued a single recording of the Dream speech (Waller 48). Eulogizing King in 1968, Time spoke of the dream peroration of his speech as the peak of his oratorical career (Transcendent).While Corretta King asked supporters to tie in us in fulfilli ng his dream (Rugaber 1), the New York Times structured its eulogy of the fallen martyr by discussing aspects of his dream (He had a dream E12), and in another article judged that his speech at the LincolnMemorial was the high point of Dr. Kings war for civil rights (Mitgang E1). King himself perpetuated his identification with the dream by introducing it into his later speeches. 188 ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews Immediately after the assassination, Democratic Congressmen proposed the establishment of a Martin Luther King Jr. oliday, but it did not come to fruition until 1983 (Hansen, The Dream 216).The holiday itself has given impetus for yearbook narrativeizing of King and synoptic renderings of his flavour. Thus, the speech, particularly the prophetic dream section and dramatic conclusion, continued to be heard by virtually every generation of Americans. The speech was widely anthologized and was so widely taught in college public speaking class es that in 1982 Haig Bosmajian published an article in Communication Education to correct inaccurate versions of the speech.In 1998, Time listed it as one of only four of the centurys greatest speeches, putting the speech in a firmament with speeches by Churchill, Roosevelt, and Kennedy and offering an abbreviated quotation of the dream section and peroration ( four-spot). Within recent years, two books have been written about the speech, as books were also written about the Gettysburg address (Sunnemark Hansen, The Dream). There are few American speeches so important as to inspire book-length treatments. The take of the speech by the media has been a mixed blessing.Historians and civil rights proponents caution against the condensation of a rich life into a single event. Kings later speeches, which include continued references to his dream, proved less prosperous in the North than they had been in the South. I have felt my dreams falter, he said in clams in 1965, and on Christma s Eve 1967, reflecting on his own life, he added a dream reference do famous by poet Langston Hughes I am personally the victim of deferred dreams, of blasted hopes.In his final years, the move imagery of his famous 1963 speech gave way to a more focused advocacy on behalf of African Americans in their struggles for jobs, higher salaries, better working conditions, and integration (Hansen, Kings Dreams E11). King also adamantly opposed the VietnamWar and called for a guaranteed family income. Worried about the dissolution of the civil rights movement, he argued for a more raptorial and disruptive brand of nonviolence, threatened boycotts, and even suggested obstructing the national Democratic and Republican conventions (Transcendent).Because Kings rhetoric is defined by the celebrated dream speech, his later speeches, which do not fit this model, are relatively unremembered. How much I Have a Dream has come to represent Martin Luther King is revealed by the planned national memor ial in Washington, DC, for which ground was recently broken. Situated between the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials, the Martin Luther King Memorial will include structures and elements that materially evoke Kings speeches, particularly I Have a Dream. Clayborne Carson, the director of the King Papers Project at Stanford University, offered suggestions for the design selected from among more than 900 submissions.He proposed that Kings public words be used as inspiration for the structures in the outdoors Martin Luther King Jr. s I Have a Dream Speech 189 memorial. Thus the features of the memorial include a mountain of despair and a stone of hope, reflecting a phrase from the speech. There is a fountain meant to symbolize the biblical quotation King used in the speech, the passage that Justice rolls down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream.There are naves, representing the leaders of the civil rights movement, hewn from rock, with rough edges on the outside, and smooth stone on the inside, again an homage to a biblical passage in Kings dream speech (The rough places shall be made canvas and the crooked places shall be made straight) (Konigsmark 1B). The importance of Kings speech in American history is also illustrated by its incorporation at the Lincoln Memorial. Visitors can watch footage of Kings speech and note the spot where King delivered the speech, which is conspicuously marked with an X.Conclusion Historical interest in how King came to include the I have a dream section is comparable to the interest in how Lincoln composed his Gettysburg Address, which has produced tales of fanciful composition on an envelope while en route to Gettysburg. King had been given seven minutes to deliver his speech and his prepared text fit roughly into that time limit until King departed from his text to declare that We will not be satisfied until honourableice runs down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. The voluble affirmation from the audience made King reluctant to continue reading from his manuscript.At this crucial turn, King recast the subdue request that the attendees should go plunk for to our communities with a dynamic series of imperatives Go back to Mississippi. Go back to South Carolina. Go back to Louisiana. Go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. Mahalia Jackson, who had earlier render a black spiritual, shouted from behind King Tell em about the dream, Martin.Whether through the vocalists prompting or by his own initiative, King launched nearly seamlessly into the now famous sentences that corporeal his dream (Branch 88182). There are competing accounts of why King chose to depart from his text and prepared conclusion to extemporize the I have a dream refrain. While Corretta said that he had considered including this section beforehand if the moment was right, in a 1963 in terview King remembered that he included it on an impulse I just felt I wanted to use it here.I dont know why. I hadnt thought about it before the speech (Hansen, The Dream). Kings version lends credence to Corettas idea that it was inspired by a higher power (King). Inspired prophecy should not require a prepared text, and extemporaneous speech, like the winged words of Homers heroes, is regarded as more trusty than written ones. 190 ANQ A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews No one, not even King, could look the place his scintillating speech would take in public memory.In 1963 King delivered 350 speeches and sermons. His message and rhetoric were often the same although the size of his audience and the amplitude of his public exposure were never so great. Of course, the speech itself is powerful and memorable, but contextual forces, including the live airing of the speech, Kings assassination, and the enactment of a national holiday celebrating King all contr ibuted to making I Have a Dream a symbol of Kings life, which in turn is a symbol of the civil rights movement.It was and continues to be a media event. It expresses in shorthand the sentiments that the public is supposed to recall. What was a performed text delivered with a political purpose has been translated by the media into a symbolic narrative that casts King as the heroic voice of those for whom the dream had not yet become a reality.